EP-KF / EP-KH Series Hypoid Gear Planetary Gearbox

The EP-KF and EP-KH Series are hypoid gear planetary gearboxes — a fundamentally different gear mechanism from the standard planetary series. Where planetary gearboxes use sun, planet, and ring gears on a common axis, the KF/KH series uses a hypoid gear pair whose input and output axes are offset rather than intersecting, producing lower operating noise, a compact offset drive layout, and hollow-shaft installation options that are not available in the planetary range. Four variants cover the application range: KF S1 and S2 with solid output shaft, KF-S3 with hollow-bore output shaft, KF-S4 with hollow shaft and shrink-disc clamping, and KH with hollow shaft and rotating output flange. Output torque spans 18 N·m to 1,600 N·m across seven frame sizes. Backlash is ≤3 arcmin single-stage, ≤4 arcmin two-stage. Operating temperature is 0 °C to +90 °C — not −10 °C. IP65 standard.

类别:

EP-KF / EP-KH Series — Hypoid Gear Planetary Gearbox with Hollow-Shaft Options

EP-KF KH hypoid gear planetary gearbox hollow shaft low noise offset axis KF060 to KF240 Korea Ever-Power

Hypoid
Gear
Offset-axis mechanism
Hollow
Shaft
S3/S4/KH variants
≤3'
Backlash single-stage
≥96%
Single-stage efficiency

★ A Different Gear Mechanism — Hypoid Gear, Not Planetary

Every other Korea Ever-Power gearbox in this range uses a planetary gear arrangement — sun gear, planet carriers, ring gear. EP-KF and EP-KH use a hypoid gear pair: spiral bevel gears whose input and output axes are offset rather than intersecting. This mechanism produces lower operating noise and enables hollow-shaft installation variants that the planetary architecture cannot provide in the same frame size.

EP-KF and EP-KH series hypoid gear gearboxes extend the Korea Ever-Power transmission range with a gear mechanism that is selected specifically for its noise characteristics, its offset-axis geometry, and its hollow-shaft installation options. Four variants address different output interface requirements: KF S1/S2 with solid output shaft, KF-S3 with a hollow bore that allows a machine shaft to pass through the gearbox body, KF-S4 with hollow shaft and shrink-disc clamping for shaft connection without a keyway, and KH with hollow shaft and rotating output flange for direct-face load mounting.

Output torque spans 18 N·m to 1,600 N·m across seven frame sizes from KF060 to KF240. Single-stage backlash is ≤3 arcmin and two-stage ≤4 arcmin — wider than the P0 ≤1 arcmin available in the EP-AB planetary series but appropriate for the industrial automation, food processing, and packaging applications that are the primary KF/KH use cases. The operating temperature range is 0 °C to +90 °C — the hypoid gear lubricant specification does not extend below 0 °C.

▸ Temperature note:
EP-KF/KH operating range is 0 °C to +90 °C. This differs from most Korea Ever-Power planetary series (−10 °C to +90 °C). EP-KF/KH is not suitable for outdoor Korean winter installations or cold-room applications below 0 °C. For sub-zero temperature applications, specify a planetary series with the −10 °C lower limit.

Hypoid Gear vs Planetary Gear — Why the Mechanism Matters for Your Application

PLANETARY GEAR — Coaxial, High Precision

Motor shaft ──→ [Sun Gear]
↓ ↓ ↓
[Planet] [Planet] [Planet]
↓ ↓ ↓
[Ring Gear] → Output
Input/Output: same axis (inline)
Backlash: P0 ≤1' achievable
Temp: −10 to +90 °C

HYPOID GEAR — Offset Axis, Low Noise

Motor shaft ──→ [Hypoid Pinion]
↘ (offset)
[Hypoid Ring Gear]

输出轴
Axes are OFFSET — not intersecting
Noise: lower (smooth face contact)
Hollow shaft: available (S3/S4/KH)
Temp: 0 to +90 °C only

Three Reasons Korean Engineers Specify KF/KH Over Planetary

① Lower Operating Noise in Sound-Sensitive Environments

The hypoid gear pair produces lower operating noise than a planetary arrangement at equivalent torque and speed, due to the gradual tooth engagement across the curved hypoid gear face rather than the discrete mesh engagement of spur or helical planet gears. For Korean food and beverage processing equipment, pharmaceutical manufacturing lines, and precision printing machinery operating in sound-controlled environments, EP-KF specifies a lower noise floor at the drive unit than an equivalent planetary gearbox of the same output torque.

② Hollow-Shaft Installation — Machine Shaft Passes Through the Gearbox

KF-S3, KF-S4, and KH variants have a hollow bore through the gearbox output stage, allowing a machine's driven shaft to pass completely through the gearbox body rather than connecting to a stub output shaft. This eliminates the output coupling, reduces the overall drive unit length, and maintains a direct structural connection between the driven shaft and the machine frame — a layout common in Korean conveyor drive heads, rotary table drives, and packaging machine actuators where machine shaft continuity is a design requirement.

③ Offset Axis Geometry — Motor Positioned Off-Centre From Output Shaft

Unlike planetary gearboxes where the motor and output shaft must share a common centreline, the hypoid gear set's input pinion axis is offset from the output ring gear axis. This means the servo motor can be positioned off-centre from the driven shaft axis — a layout that can reduce the installed height of a drive unit where the motor cannot be behind the shaft centreline due to space constraints, while the output shaft remains exactly on the driven shaft axis.

EP-KF/KH vs Planetary Series — When to Choose Each

Application Requirement → EP-KF/KH ★ → Planetary (EP-AB/AF etc.)
Output shaft type Hollow bore needed (S3/S4/KH) OR solid shaft Solid output shaft (standard planetary)
Noise sensitivity Quiet environments — food, pharma, printing Standard industrial noise floor is acceptable
Backlash requirement ≤3 arcmin (single-stage) acceptable ≤1 arcmin (P0) or ≤3 arcmin (P1) required
Minimum temperature 0 °C minimum — indoor only −10 °C — outdoor or cold-room use
Motor-to-output axis Offset axes acceptable or required Coaxial (inline) required
效率 ≥96% single-stage (slightly lower than planetary) ≥97% single-stage
Max torque in range 1,600 N·m (KF240) Up to 3,805 N·m (EP-AFH240)

Four Output Variants — KF S1/S2, KF-S3, KF-S4, and KH

KF S1 / KF S2

Motor ──[Hypoid]──► Solid Shaft
S1:平滑
S2:带键槽

Standard solid output shaft — the directly equivalent of a planetary gearbox's output shaft in terms of load connection. Use KF S1/S2 when the application requires a solid output shaft connected to a coupling, gear, or pulley, and the hollow-shaft options of S3/S4/KH are not needed. S1 (smooth shaft) for clamped connections; S2 (with keyway) for keyed hub connections.

KF-S3 — Hollow Shaft

Motor ──[Hypoid]──┐
├── Hollow bore ◎
Machine shaft ─────┘ (passes through)

The hollow bore of KF-S3 allows the driven machine shaft to pass completely through the gearbox body. The gearbox clamps around the shaft via the hollow bore interface. This eliminates the output coupling and reduces drive unit axial depth — used in Korean conveyor head drives, rotary table through-shaft arrangements, and packaging machine actuators where a continuous machine shaft is a structural requirement.

KF-S4 — Hollow Shaft + Shrink Disc

Motor ──[Hypoid]──┐
├── Hollow bore ◎
Machine shaft ─────┘ [Shrink Disc ⊗]
(keyway-free clamp)

KF-S4 adds a shrink-disc clamping mechanism to the hollow-shaft bore — the shaft is clamped without a keyway by tightening the shrink disc, which applies radial pressure uniformly around the shaft circumference. Preferred over S3 when the machine shaft must be connected without a keyway (smooth shaft, no machining required) and the clamping force distribution must be uniform to avoid shaft bending. Used in Korean high-cycle packaging and pharmaceutical machine drives.

KH — Hollow Shaft + Rotating Flange

Motor ──[Hypoid]──┐
├── Rotating Flange ⊞
└── Hollow bore ◎
(Output IS the flange face)

KH's output is the rotating flange face rather than a shaft — the load is bolted directly to the flange. The hollow bore allows a tie rod, cable, or pneumatic supply tube to pass through the gearbox centreline while the load rotates with the flange. Used in Korean rotary table direct-drive configurations, circular fixture drives, and indexing table systems where the load is bolted to the gearbox output face and the gearbox body is fixed to the machine structure.

EP-KF/KH Series — Complete Specifications

Common Specifications — All KF/KH Variants
输出扭矩(T2N) 18 N·m (KF060) to 1,600 N·m (KF240)
Gear Mechanism Hypoid gear — spiral bevel with offset axes
Backlash (single-stage) ≤3 arcmin
Backlash (two-stage) ≤4 arcmin
Backlash grade codes None — fixed specification. No P0/P1/P2 grade selection.
单级比率 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 (ratios 6, 8, 9 not available)
两阶段比率 12, 16, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40, 50, 70, 100
单级效率 ≥96%
两阶段效率 ≥94%
工作温度 0 °C to +90 °C (hypoid lubricant — NOT −10 °C)
IP评级 IP65标准
润滑 Hypoid gear oil — sealed, maintenance-free (within temperature range)
画框尺寸 KF060 / KF075 / KF100 / KF140 / KF180 / KF210 / KF240
Output Variants KF S1 (smooth solid) · KF S2 (keyed solid) · KF-S3 (hollow bore) · KF-S4 (hollow + shrink disc) · KH (hollow + rotating flange)

▸ Critical: 0 °C minimum operating temperature — the most important specification difference

The hypoid gear lubricant used in EP-KF/KH has a lower operating temperature limit of 0 °C. Attempting to operate below 0 °C will result in inadequate lubrication, increased friction, and accelerated gear wear. This makes EP-KF/KH unsuitable for: outdoor Korean winter installations, cold-room food storage drives, outdoor agricultural machinery (Korean winter below 0 °C), or any installation where ambient temperature may reach below 0 °C. For these applications, specify an EP planetary series (EP-AB, EP-AF, or EP-AE) which carry the −10 °C lower limit with standard planetary grease.

Model Designation Guide — EP-KF and EP-KH

EP-KF 100 / 25 / S2 ← solid shaft with keyway
EP-KF-S3 100 / 25 ← hollow bore
EP-KF-S4 100 / 25 ← hollow + shrink disc
EP-KH 100 / 25 ← hollow + rotating flange
EP-KF / EP-KH
Hypoid gear series
KF = solid/hollow shaft
KH = hollow + flange
100
Body diameter 100 mm
KF scale: 060~240
25
齿轮比 i=25:1
(两阶段)
S1/S2
KF only:
S1 smooth / S2 keyed
S3 hollow / S4 shrink
[no grade]
No P0/P1/P2
Fixed: ≤3'(1-stage)
≤4'(2-stage)

Applications — Hypoid Gear Drives in Korean Industry

Food Processing Lines — Low Noise, KF S2 or KF-S3

Korean food and beverage production lines operating in enclosed facilities where operators work near running equipment specify low-noise drive units to meet Korean Occupational Safety and Health standards for workplace noise levels. EP-KF delivers lower operating noise than an equivalent planetary gearbox at the same output torque and speed — relevant for Korean dairy, beverage filling, and ready-meal production lines where the drive units run in close proximity to processing operators throughout multi-hour shifts. KF-S3 hollow-shaft variant is commonly used for conveyor head drives where the conveyor shaft passes through the gearbox body. Compatible with precision CV drive shafts for offset conveyor drive layouts.

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing — KF-S4 Shrink Disc for Clean Connections

Korean pharmaceutical production equipment requires drive components that can be assembled and disassembled cleanly for validation and maintenance procedures, without keyway machining that creates particle-trapping pockets on machine shafts. KF-S4's shrink-disc hollow shaft clamps to a smooth unkeyed shaft without any shaft machining — the connection is released by loosening the shrink disc, allowing the gearbox to be slid off for cleaning or replacement. This clean-assembly property makes KF-S4 the specified choice for Korean GMP oral solid dosage and tablet coating machine drives at 0 °C to +90 °C ambient temperature.

Printing and Packaging Machines — KH Rotating Flange for Rotary Actuators

Korean commercial printing machines and flexible packaging equipment use rotary actuators where the gearbox body is fixed to the machine frame and the output flange rotates to drive a cam, die, or seal jaw. KH's rotating output flange — with hollow bore for pneumatic or cable throughput — serves this application directly. The hypoid gear mechanism's lower noise is also valued in these applications where the machine operator station is adjacent to the printing or packaging station. KH075 and KH100 at ratios 5:1–25:1 cover Korean web-fed printing machine auxiliary drive requirements.

Rotary Table Direct Drive — KH for Through-Bore Rotary Tables

Korean precision rotary tables with a central bore for cable, pneumatic, or hydraulic throughput use KH's rotating flange and hollow bore for the drive unit — the table top is bolted to the KH flange face, and cables or supply tubes pass through the hollow bore as the table rotates. This configuration eliminates the rotary union or cable management system that would be required with a solid-shaft gearbox driving through a coupling. KH100 and KH140 at ratios 20:1–100:1 cover Korean indexing and positioning table drive requirements in the 0 °C to +90 °C temperature range.

Conveyor Head Drives — KF-S3 Through-Shaft at Low Noise

Korean indoor industrial conveyor systems — electronics assembly, PCB handling, automotive component inspection lines — use KF-S3 for head-drum drives where the conveyor belt shaft passes through the gearbox hollow bore. The S3 arrangement maintains a continuous shaft between the drive bearing housings on either side of the conveyor head, improving shaft alignment and reducing vibration transmission to the conveyor structure. The lower noise of the hypoid gear mechanism is valued in Korean electronics assembly facilities where the manufacturing environment specifies low ambient noise. Downstream systems integrate worm gear reducers for additional speed reduction on slow-speed inspection conveyors.

Agricultural Post-Harvest Processing — KF S2 Indoor Drives

Korean post-harvest grain drying facilities, rice processing plants, and indoor food packaging lines — all of which operate at ambient temperatures above 0 °C — use EP-KF for auger drives, sorting belt heads, and packaging conveyor drives where lower noise compared to a planetary unit is a secondary selection criterion alongside compact installation dimensions. KF S2 at KF100–KF140 covers the torque range of Korean post-harvest processing drive applications. Integration with agricultural bevel gearboxes for multi-output post-harvest sorting line configurations.

质量认证与测试标准

ISO 9001
质量管理
中央电气
欧盟机械指令
KS
韩国工业标准
RoHS
不含危险物质
  • Hypoid gear mesh contact pattern verified — tooth contact across full active flank width
  • Backlash ≤3 arcmin (single) / ≤4 arcmin (two-stage) measured and certified per batch
  • Hollow-shaft bore concentricity verified — S3/S4/KH centreline accuracy confirmed
  • IP65 ingress protection per IEC 60529 — every unit
  • Hypoid gear oil fill confirmed — proper lubricant type for 0 °C to +90 °C range
Korea Ever-Power EP-KF KH hypoid gear gearbox ISO 9001 CE KS quality certifications

Why Korean Engineers Specify Korea Ever-Power EP-KF/KH Series

🔇

Lower Operating Noise Than Equivalent Planetary

The hypoid gear pair's continuous curved-face tooth engagement produces inherently lower noise than the discrete mesh engagement of a planetary gear set at equivalent torque and speed. For Korean food, pharmaceutical, and electronics production facilities specifying noise levels at the machine operator station, EP-KF is the drive option that directly addresses this specification without requiring additional acoustic shielding on the gearbox.

Hollow Shaft Options Not Available in the Planetary Range

KF-S3, KF-S4, and KH provide hollow-shaft installation variants that are not available in the equivalent planetary series. For Korean machine builders who need a through-bore for cable management (KH), shrink-disc shaft connection without machining (KF-S4), or a through-shaft conveyor head drive (KF-S3), EP-KF/KH is the only Korea Ever-Power product that provides these output interfaces.

📐

Offset Axis Layout for Space-Constrained Drive Packages

The hypoid gear's offset axes — input pinion centreline offset from output ring gear centreline — allow a more compact motor-and-gearbox package height when the motor cannot be positioned directly on the driven shaft axis. Korean machine designers specifying drive units for constrained vertical dimensions benefit from this geometry, placing the motor lower or higher than the output shaft without an additional direction-change gearbox.

🧹

KF-S4 Shrink Disc — Keyway-Free for GMP and Validation

Korean pharmaceutical and food manufacturing OEMs who build to KFDA, GMP, or FSSC 22000 specifications benefit from KF-S4's shrink-disc connection: smooth machine shafts without keyways reduce particle generation and eliminate keyway cleaning procedures during machine validation. The gearbox installs without any shaft machining and removes cleanly for replacement without shaft damage.

🔗

Same Motor Adapter Platform as Planetary Series

EP-KF/KH uses the same Korea Ever-Power motor adapter plate system as the planetary series, allowing Korean machine builders to connect the same servo motor models to KF/KH that they use with EP-AB, EP-AF, or EP-AE gearboxes — without redesigning the motor mounting arrangement. This simplifies machine family designs that may use a mix of hypoid-gear and planetary gearboxes across different axes.

🇰🇷

Korean Temperature and Noise Compliance Documentation

Korea Ever-Power provides the noise level specification and the 0 °C minimum temperature documentation for EP-KF/KH in the format required by Korean industrial safety regulations and facility equipment specifications. The Korean application team confirms variant selection (S1/S2/S3/S4/KH) for your specific installation geometry and temperature conditions in Korean, without the documentation delay of a foreign supplier process.

Korea Ever-Power EP-KF KH hypoid gear gearbox manufacturing precision quality

客户评价和应用反馈

4.8
★★★★★
Based on 55+ verified orders

5星

85%

4星

13%

≤3 ★

2%

96%
会重新订购
<2%
现场故障率
Y
Yoon S. — Food Processing OEM Engineer
Verified Purchase · Iksan, South Korea
★★★★★

EP-KF-S3 100, i=20 for the head drum drive of an indoor bread cooling conveyor line. Our operators work directly beside the conveyor for 8-hour shifts; we were getting noise complaints with a planetary unit. Switching to KF-S3 reduced the measured noise level at the operator station from 76 dB(A) to 69 dB(A) — a meaningful reduction in a facility where Korean occupational health standards apply. The hollow-shaft S3 arrangement also let us maintain the continuous conveyor shaft through the gearbox, removing a shaft coupling from the maintenance schedule. 22 months, zero drive-related issues.

EP-KF-S3 100, i=20 · Bread cooling conveyor head drum · 76→69 dB(A) at operator station
P
Park H. — Pharmaceutical OEM Engineer
Verified Purchase · Cheongju, South Korea
★★★★★

EP-KF-S4 075, i=25 for tablet coating pan drives on our GMP line. The KFDA qualification process required that all shaft connections be cleanable without partial disassembly — keyways on drive shafts were identified as potential particle-trapping sites in our FMEA. KF-S4's shrink-disc connection is on a smooth shaft. During the annual re-qualification inspection, our auditor confirmed the shrink-disc connection met the cleanability requirement. Easy to install, easy to remove for maintenance, smooth shaft surface for SOP compliance. 19 months, 6 coating pans, zero qualification non-conformances from the drive connection. Korea Ever-Power delivered the IQ/OQ documentation package for the KF-S4 in Korean within 5 working days of order placement.

EP-KF-S4 075, i=25 · GMP tablet coating pan drive · Shrink-disc keyway-free for KFDA qualification
H
Han J. — Printing Machine Engineer
已验证购买 · 韩国首尔
★★★★★

EP-KH 100, i=35 for a rotary die-cutting station on a web-fed carton printing machine — the die cylinder is bolted to the KH flange face, and the pneumatic supply tube for the die actuators passes through the hollow bore as the cylinder rotates. This replaced a solid-shaft gearbox with an external rotary union for the pneumatic supply; the rotary union required weekly maintenance and was a source of press downtime. KH hollow bore eliminated the rotary union completely. The noise level of the KH is noticeably lower than the previous planetary unit on this station — relevant because the operator clamps the print run samples at this station. 17 months, 3 press lines, zero pneumatic connection failures.

EP-KH 100, i=35 · Rotary die-cutting station · Hollow bore eliminated rotary union

Share your EP-KF/KH application. 联系韩国永力公司: [email protected]

Accessories & Complementary Products

When sub-3-arcmin backlash precision is required and temperature may drop below 0 °C, the EP-AB precision planetary gearbox provides P0 ≤1 arcmin with a −10 °C lower temperature limit. Korea Ever-Power also supplies the transmission accessories that work alongside EP-KF/KH in Korean drive systems.

Korea Ever-Power EP-KF KH hypoid gear gearbox complete transmission system CV shaft worm reducer agricultural

等速万向节传动轴

For KF S1/S2 output shaft configurations where the driven load is offset from the gearbox centreline — dual-drive conveyor head arrangements, offset actuator connections — precision CV joint drive shafts transmit torque through the angular and parallel offset without adding noise to the drive system, complementing the low-noise characteristic of the hypoid gear mechanism.

蜗轮减速器

For vertical KF/KH installations where gravity load holding is required on power-off — vertical conveyor head drives, vertical rotary table columns — a downstream self-locking worm gear reducer provides position holding without an electromagnetic brake. Note: ensure the worm stage is also rated for the 0 °C minimum temperature if the installation is in a cold environment.

农业齿轮箱

For indoor Korean post-harvest processing equipment — grain sorting, rice milling, packaged food production — where KF provides the primary drive reduction and downstream agricultural bevel gearboxes distribute power to multiple processing heads. Note: the EP-KF 0 °C lower temperature limit means this combination is for indoor post-harvest facilities only, not for field agricultural machinery operating in Korean winter conditions.

常见问题解答

Is EP-KF/KH a planetary gearbox? The name says "planetary gearbox" but the mechanism description says "hypoid gear."

EP-KF and EP-KH are precision gearboxes in the Korea Ever-Power range, but they use a hypoid gear mechanism rather than a planetary gear mechanism. The "planetary gearbox" designation in the product family name refers to the product range category — servo-compatible precision gearboxes with motor adapter plates — rather than to the specific internal gear mechanism. The hypoid gear set (spiral bevel gears with offset axes) is a fundamentally different mechanism from the sun-planet-ring arrangement of a planetary gearbox. The key practical differences are: hypoid delivers lower noise, enables hollow-shaft variants, and has a higher minimum operating temperature (0 °C vs −10 °C for planetary).

My application temperature may occasionally reach −5 °C. Can I use EP-KF/KH?

No — the minimum operating temperature of EP-KF/KH is 0 °C with the standard hypoid gear oil fill. Operating at −5 °C would be below the lubrication specification and risks inadequate oil film formation at the hypoid gear contact, leading to accelerated wear and potential gear damage. If temperatures may occasionally drop below 0 °C, specify an EP planetary series (EP-AB, EP-AF, EP-AE, or similar) which are grease-lubricated and rated to −10 °C. If you specifically need a hollow-shaft or low-noise feature alongside sub-zero operation, contact Korea Ever-Power to discuss whether a special lubricant specification for KF/KH can extend the lower temperature limit for your application.

How do I choose between KF-S3 and KF-S4 hollow-shaft variants?

KF-S3 uses the hollow bore with a standard bore interface — the machine shaft is typically secured with a keyway or set screw in the bore. KF-S4 uses the same hollow bore but adds a shrink-disc clamping mechanism that grips a smooth unkeyed shaft through uniform radial pressure. Choose KF-S4 when: the machine shaft must remain smooth and unkeyed (GMP or cleanroom requirements), when the shaft-to-gearbox connection must be fully releasable without shaft removal, or when uniform clamping force distribution is required to avoid shaft bending under asymmetric key loads. KF-S3 is the simpler and lower-cost choice when a standard keyed shaft connection is acceptable.

EP-KF single-stage backlash is ≤3 arcmin. EP-AB P1 is also ≤3 arcmin. Are they equivalent for precision applications?

Numerically, yes — both EP-KF single-stage and EP-AB P1 are ≤3 arcmin. The practical differences are: EP-KF does not offer a tighter grade (no P0 equivalent); EP-AB P1 can be upgraded to P0 ≤1 arcmin when higher precision is eventually required without changing the product series. For applications where ≤3 arcmin is the final requirement and is not expected to tighten in future machine generations, EP-KF's lower noise and hollow-shaft options may make it the better choice. For applications where precision requirements may tighten in future versions, specifying EP-AB P1 now preserves the upgrade path to P0 without mechanical redesign.

Does KH's rotating flange produce any backlash at the flange face different from the stated ≤3/≤4 arcmin?

The backlash specification of KH (≤3 arcmin single-stage, ≤4 arcmin two-stage) is measured at the rotating flange — the backlash at the flange face is the same stated specification, not an additional value added on top of the gear mesh backlash. The flange is rigidly coupled to the hypoid gear output without additional compliance. However, for KH applications where the load is bolted at a radius from the flange centreline, the effective angular error at the load radius will be larger than at the centreline — the stated ≤3 arcmin applies at the flange rotation axis, not at the load bolt circle.

 

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